回(hui)(hui)流(liu)(liu)(liu)：利(li)用污(wu)水(shui)(shui)廠的(de)(de)(de)出(chu)水(shui)(shui)或生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)出(chu)水(shui)(shui)稀釋進(jin)水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)做法稱回(hui)(hui)流(liu)(liu)(liu)，回(hui)(hui)流(liu)(liu)(liu)水(shui)(shui)量與進(jin)水(shui)(shui)量之比(bi)叫回(hui)(hui)流(liu)(liu)(liu)比(bi)。回(hui)(hui)流(liu)(liu)(liu)對生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)性能有下述影響：① 回(hui)(hui)流(liu)(liu)(liu)可提(ti)高生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)率，它是使(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)由(you)低(di)負荷(he)率演(yan)變為高負荷(he)率的(de)(de)(de)方法之一(yi) （增大濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)床高度(du)也可提(ti)高負荷(he)率）；② 提(ti)高濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)率有利(li)于防止(zhi)滴(di)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)中(zhong)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)灰蠅(ying)和(he)(he)減少(shao)惡臭 （淹沒式生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)不(bu)存在此現象）；③當進(jin)水(shui)(shui)缺氧、腐(fu)化、缺少(shao)營養(yang)(yang)元素或含有有害物(wu)(wu)質時，回(hui)(hui)流(liu)(liu)(liu)可改善進(jin)水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)腐(fu)化狀(zhuang)況(kuang)，提(ti)供營養(yang)(yang)元素和(he)(he)降低(di)毒物(wu)(wu)濃度(du)；④ 進(jin)水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)質和(he)(he)量有波動(dong)時，回(hui)(hui)流(liu)(liu)(liu)有調節和(he)(he)穩定(ding)進(jin)水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)作用。過濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)過程中(zhong)，會(hui)形(xing)成一(yi)些殘余污(wu)泥，需(xu)要定(ding)期排除。杭州生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)

為(wei)了便于理解，假設在過(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)周期(qi)內(nei)，濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位和(he)(he)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)速都不變(bian)，濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)總水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)頭H可以(yi)(yi)由(you)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)層(ceng)(ceng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)頭損失(shi)(shi)Ht、承托層(ceng)(ceng)和(he)(he)配水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系統水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)頭損失(shi)(shi)h1、控制(zhi)閥水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)頭損失(shi)(shi)ht、流(liu)速水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)頭（v2/2g）和(he)(he)剩余(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)頭h2這幾部(bu)分組(zu)成，即H=Ht+h1+ht+(v2/2g)+h2濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)總水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)頭：其(qi)中，濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)頭損失(shi)(shi)Ht可以(yi)(yi)用清潔濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)層(ceng)(ceng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)頭損失(shi)(shi)H0與t時刻(ke)的(de)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)層(ceng)(ceng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)頭損失(shi)(shi)增(zeng)值ΔHt來進行(xing)計算，即Ht=H0+ΔHt。我們再看(kan)一下在一個過(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)周期(qi)中各項水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)頭損失(shi)(shi)是(shi)如何變(bian)化的(de)。多濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)層(ceng)(ceng)過(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)可以(yi)(yi)是(shi)向下的(de)，也可以(yi)(yi)是(shi)向上的(de)，其(qi)目的(de)是(shi)避(bi)免非均質濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)層(ceng)(ceng)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)所(suo)固(gu)有的(de)表(biao)面(mian)堵塞和(he)(he)過(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)速度受到(dao)限制(zhi)的(de)缺(que)點(dian)。杭州生(sheng)物濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)供應常見(jian)的(de)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)類型包括沉淀(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、砂濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)和(he)(he)活性炭濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)等。

壓力(li)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)：壓力(li)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)的特點則包括：下向(xiang)流(liu)過濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)，可使(shi)用(yong)(yong)單(dan)層(ceng)(ceng)、雙層(ceng)(ceng)或(huo)多(duo)層(ceng)(ceng)砂濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)料；采用(yong)(yong)承(cheng)壓式(shi)(shi)四閥控制(zhi)，允許的水(shui)(shui)(shui)頭損失(shi)高達(da)6~7m；池(chi)體(ti)(ti)為鋼罐結構，便于將各單(dan)元(yuan)出水(shui)(shui)(shui)連接，從而省去反沖(chong)洗設備；移動便捷，適(shi)用(yong)(yong)于臨時(shi)供水(shui)(shui)(shui)需求；立式(shi)(shi)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)層(ceng)(ceng)較深，而臥式(shi)(shi)則面積較大；清砂操作(zuo)不便，且(qie)無法觀察運行過程(cheng)；主要(yao)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)于廠礦等小規模給水(shui)(shui)(shui)工程(cheng)。這兩種濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)在設計時(shi)均需考慮水(shui)(shui)(shui)質要(yao)求，并(bing)確保運行過程(cheng)中的穩定性。同(tong)時(shi)，根據具體(ti)(ti)的應用(yong)(yong)場景(jing)和需求，選擇適(shi)當的濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)類(lei)型和配(pei)置是至關重要(yao)的。

設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)特(te)點：無論是(shi)(shi)重力(li)(li)式無閥(fa)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)還是(shi)(shi)壓力(li)(li)式無閥(fa)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)，其(qi)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)原理(li)是(shi)(shi)基本相(xiang)同的(de)(de)，其(qi)特(te)點為：(1)進水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、出水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、反(fan)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)洗及排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)均不(bu)設(she)(she)(she)置閥(fa)門(men)．運行和反(fan)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)洗過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)全由(you)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)力(li)(li)自動控制(zhi)。也不(bu)像虹(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)吸(xi)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)、雙閥(fa)、單閥(fa)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)那樣．需(xu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)虹(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)吸(xi)管(guan)代替(ti)閥(fa)門(men)，需(xu)要(yao)設(she)(she)(she)置一套抽真空設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)。(2)變(bian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)頭(tou)等(deng)速(su)過(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)。水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)頭(tou)的(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)體現(xian)在虹(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)吸(xi)管(guan)中(zhong)的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位變(bian)化(hua)．即(ji)(ji)隨(sui)著過(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)進展．虹(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)吸(xi)管(guan)中(zhong)的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位逐(zhu)漸上升(sheng)．直至虹(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)吸(xi)形成進行反(fan)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)洗．在整個過(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)．保持相(xiang)等(deng)的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)。即(ji)(ji)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)頭(tou)是(shi)(shi)變(bian)的(de)(de)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)是(shi)(shi)不(bu)變(bian)的(de)(de)。(3)反(fan)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)洗水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)箱設(she)(she)(she)在濾(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)的(de)(de)上部，省(sheng)去了(le)專門(men)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)洗水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)箱或沖(chong)(chong)(chong)洗水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泵．減少了(le)占(zhan)地．節省(sheng)了(le)電耗．并不(bu)需(xu)要(yao)運行操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)。(4)低水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)頭(tou)反(fan)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)洗，小(xiao)阻力(li)(li)配水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系統。(5)運行、沖(chong)(chong)(chong)洗全由(you)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)力(li)(li)自動控制(zhi)，不(bu)需(xu)要(yao)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)、管(guan)理(li)和維修．只需(xu)適當維護。(6)處理(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)相(xiang)對較(jiao)小(xiao)的(de)(de)，可(ke)用(yong)(yong)(yong)鋼板制(zhi)作(zuo)．運到(dao)現(xian)場安裝(zhuang)．進行設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)化(hua)生產。但應做(zuo)好防腐(fu)處理(li)。 移動罩(zhao)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)通過(guo)(guo)(guo)移動沖(chong)(chong)(chong)洗罩(zhao)對濾(lv)(lv)(lv)格逐(zhu)個沖(chong)(chong)(chong)洗，節省(sheng)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)洗水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)。

多(duo)層(ceng)(ceng)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)池結構：雙層(ceng)(ceng)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)料(liao)(liao)(liao)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)池，上(shang)層(ceng)(ceng)通(tong)常采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)無(wu)煙(yan)煤(mei)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)料(liao)(liao)(liao)，亦可(ke)采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)破碎陶(tao)粒濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)料(liao)(liao)(liao)， 上(shang)層(ceng)(ceng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)石(shi)英砂濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)料(liao)(liao)(liao)。三層(ceng)(ceng)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)料(liao)(liao)(liao)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)池一(yi)般由無(wu)煙(yan)煤(mei)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)料(liao)(liao)(liao)、石(shi)英砂濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)料(liao)(liao)(liao)和(he)石(shi)榴石(shi)粒（或磁(ci)鐵(tie)礦(kuang)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)料(liao)(liao)(liao)、重(zhong)晶石(shi)等）組成，亦可(ke)采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)破碎陶(tao)粒等輕質(zhi)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)料(liao)(liao)(liao)。濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)料(liao)(liao)(liao)中(zhong)大顆粒小(xiao)(xiao)密(mi)(mi)度(du)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)料(liao)(liao)(liao)在上(shang)層(ceng)(ceng)；中(zhong)顆粒中(zhong)密(mi)(mi)度(du)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)料(liao)(liao)(liao)在中(zhong)間；小(xiao)(xiao)顆粒大密(mi)(mi)度(du)的濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)料(liao)(liao)(liao)在下(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)。這種(zhong)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)池在高速過濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)情(qing)況下(xia)，濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)速可(ke)達30m/h或以上(shang)，同時能(neng)保證濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)后水質(zhi)。圖3-76為(wei)(wei)(wei)我(wo)國黃石(shi)市采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)的三層(ceng)(ceng)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)料(liao)(liao)(liao)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)池，上(shang)層(ceng)(ceng)1采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)無(wu)煙(yan)煤(mei)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)料(liao)(liao)(liao)徑為(wei)(wei)(wei)0.8-2mm，厚(hou)度(du)42cm；中(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)2 為(wei)(wei)(wei)石(shi)英砂濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)料(liao)(liao)(liao)，粒徑0.5-0.8mm；下(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)3為(wei)(wei)(wei)磁(ci)鐵(tie)礦(kuang)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)料(liao)(liao)(liao)，粒徑0.25-0.5 mm,厚(hou)度(du)7cm。承托層(ceng)(ceng)4粒徑1-2 mm磁(ci)鐵(tie)礦(kuang)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)料(liao)(liao)(liao)，厚(hou)度(du)7cm；粒徑2-4mm的厚(hou)度(du)6cm； 4-8mm的厚(hou)度(du)6cm；鵝(e)卵(luan)石(shi)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)料(liao)(liao)(liao)層(ceng)(ceng)-粒徑為(wei)(wei)(wei)8-16mm厚(hou)度(du)6cm。濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)料(liao)(liao)(liao)選(xuan)擇(ze)多(duo)樣，石(shi)英砂、無(wu)煙(yan)煤(mei)、活性炭等，依(yi)據水質(zhi)目標匹配不同濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)料(liao)(liao)(liao)組合。杭州(zhou)生(sheng)物(wu)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)池生(sheng)產

提前設計好濾(lv)池的(de)替換方案，有助(zhu)于應對突發水(shui)質(zhi)污(wu)染(ran)。杭州生物濾(lv)池生產

V型(xing)濾池(chi)(chi)，作(zuo)為(wei)自來水(shui)廠(chang)中(zhong)不可或(huo)缺的(de)(de)(de)工藝段，其在(zai)水(shui)處(chu)理過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)扮演著至(zhi)(zhi)關重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)角色。它的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)功(gong)能在(zai)于通過(guo)(guo)物(wu)(wu)理過(guo)(guo)濾的(de)(de)(de)方式，有效去除水(shui)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)懸浮物(wu)(wu)、膠體(ti)及(ji)部(bu)分微生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)，從(cong)而確(que)保(bao)出水(shui)水(shui)質的(de)(de)(de)清澈(che)和穩(wen)定(ding)。下(xia)面，我們(men)將(jiang)深入探(tan)討(tao)V型(xing)濾池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)結構、材(cai)料選(xuan)擇、安裝要(yao)點以及(ji)其在(zai)運(yun)行過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)注意(yi)事項。V型(xing)濾池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料選(xuan)擇：在(zai)V型(xing)濾池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)建設過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)擇至(zhi)(zhi)關重要(yao)。濾板、長柄濾頭和濾料等(deng)關鍵部(bu)件的(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料需具備足夠的(de)(de)(de)強度、耐(nai)磨性(xing)(xing)和耐(nai)腐(fu)蝕性(xing)(xing)，以確(que)保(bao)濾池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)長期穩(wen)定(ding)運(yun)行。同時(shi)，這些(xie)材(cai)料還需滿足環保(bao)要(yao)求，避免對(dui)水(shui)質造成(cheng)二次污(wu)染。杭州生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)濾池(chi)(chi)生(sheng)產