超純(chun)(chun)水，作為(wei)一種(zhong)非常(chang)純(chun)(chun)凈(jing)的(de)水，在眾多高(gao)科技領域(yu)發揮著不可或缺的(de)作用(yong)(yong)。它幾乎不含(han)任何雜質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，包括礦物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、微(wei)生物(wu)、有機物(wu)和(he)(he)溶解性氣體(ti)等。其(qi)制備過(guo)程極為(wei)復雜且精密，通常(chang)需要經過(guo)多步的(de)預處(chu)理(li)、反(fan)滲(shen)透、離(li)子交換和(he)(he)超濾(lv)等技術。在電子芯(xin)(xin)片(pian)制造中，超純(chun)(chun)水用(yong)(yong)于清洗硅片(pian)，哪怕是(shi)極其(qi)微(wei)小的(de)雜質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)顆粒都(dou)可能(neng)導(dao)致芯(xin)(xin)片(pian)短路(lu)或性能(neng)故(gu)障，所以超純(chun)(chun)水的(de)高(gao)純(chun)(chun)度保障了芯(xin)(xin)片(pian)生產(chan)(chan)的(de)良率和(he)(he)可靠性。這種(zhong)非常(chang)純(chun)(chun)凈(jing)的(de)特性也使(shi)其(qi)在制藥(yao)行業(ye)意義非凡(fan)，用(yong)(yong)于藥(yao)品的(de)生產(chan)(chan)與配(pei)制，避免雜質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)對(dui)藥(yao)物(wu)活(huo)性成分產(chan)(chan)生影響，確保藥(yao)品的(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量和(he)(he)**性達到高(gao)標(biao)準。超純(chun)(chun)水在金融行業(ye)用(yong)(yong)于高(gao)精度數據中心設備冷(leng)卻。湖北實驗室超純(chun)(chun)水哪里買

配置堿(jian)性清(qing)(qing)(qing)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)液(ye)（如氫氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)鈉(na)溶(rong)液(ye)）并(bing)打(da)入膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)組件(jian)(jian)，按(an)照酸(suan)(suan)性清(qing)(qing)(qing)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)類似操作流程進(jin)(jin)行循環(huan)清(qing)(qing)(qing)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi) 30 - 60 分鐘(zhong)，循環(huan)溫度(du)控制在(zai) 30℃ - 40℃。浸泡 15 - 30 分鐘(zhong)后排放(fang)(fang)堿(jian)性清(qing)(qing)(qing)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)液(ye)，排放(fang)(fang)和(he)(he)(he)收集方式同(tong)酸(suan)(suan)性清(qing)(qing)(qing)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)液(ye)處理。再次用(yong)清(qing)(qing)(qing)水沖洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)組件(jian)(jian)，沖洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)約 30 - 45 分鐘(zhong)，確保清(qing)(qing)(qing)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)液(ye)被(bei)徹底(di)沖洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)干凈(jing)，監(jian)測(ce)沖洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)水的(de) pH 值和(he)(he)(he)電(dian)導(dao)率，pH 值接近中性且電(dian)導(dao)率較低時(shi)(shi)沖洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)完(wan)成(cheng)。氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)清(qing)(qing)(qing)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)，當膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)污(wu)染情況較為嚴重，經酸(suan)(suan)性和(he)(he)(he)堿(jian)性清(qing)(qing)(qing)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)后仍未達到理想效(xiao)果，尤其是懷疑(yi)有生物膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)或(huo)頑固(gu)有機(ji)物污(wu)染時(shi)(shi)，進(jin)(jin)行氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)清(qing)(qing)(qing)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)。選擇合適的(de)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)清(qing)(qing)(qing)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)劑(ji)(ji)（如過(guo)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)氫或(huo)次氯酸(suan)(suan)鈉(na)溶(rong)液(ye)），將其打(da)入膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)組件(jian)(jian)進(jin)(jin)行循環(huan)清(qing)(qing)(qing)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)，循環(huan)時(shi)(shi)間(jian) 20 - 40 分鐘(zhong)，循環(huan)過(guo)程中要注意控制氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)濃(nong)度(du)，避免對(dui)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)造(zao)成(cheng)過(guo)度(du)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)損傷。清(qing)(qing)(qing)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)后排放(fang)(fang)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)清(qing)(qing)(qing)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)液(ye)，用(yong)清(qing)(qing)(qing)水沖洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)組件(jian)(jian)，沖洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)不少于 40 分鐘(zhong)，同(tong)時(shi)(shi)監(jian)測(ce)沖洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)水的(de)相關指標，確保氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)被(bei)完(wan)全清(qing)(qing)(qing)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)干凈(jing)。湖北實驗室超純水哪里買超純水在(zai)通信(xin)行業用(yong)于光纖(xian)制造(zao)與清(qing)(qing)(qing)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)。

連接管道(dao)：采(cai)用(yong)(yong)耐(nai)酸(suan)堿的(de)(de)(de)塑(su)料(liao)管道(dao)（如 UPVC 或(huo) PVDF）連接清(qing)(qing)洗(xi)水箱(xiang)、清(qing)(qing)洗(xi)泵和(he)反滲(shen)透膜(mo)組件，管道(dao)直徑(jing)根據流量計算確(que)定，同時要保證連接牢固、無(wu)泄(xie)漏。化(hua)(hua)學藥劑(ji)，酸(suan)性(xing)清(qing)(qing)洗(xi)劑(ji)：如檸檬酸(suan)，純度(du)(du)不低于(yu)(yu)(yu) 99%，用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)去除鈣、鎂(mei)等無(wu)機鹽垢。根據膜(mo)污染(ran)程(cheng)度(du)(du)，將檸檬酸(suan)配(pei)制(zhi)(zhi)成 0.2% - 0.5%（質(zhi)量分(fen)數）的(de)(de)(de)溶(rong)液(ye)(ye)，例(li)如，對于(yu)(yu)(yu) 5m? 的(de)(de)(de)清(qing)(qing)洗(xi)水箱(xiang)，需(xu)稱取 10 - 25kg 檸檬酸(suan)，先(xian)在少量水中溶(rong)解后(hou)再(zai)加入清(qing)(qing)洗(xi)水箱(xiang)并補(bu)充(chong)水至規定體積(ji)。堿性(xing)清(qing)(qing)洗(xi)劑(ji)：可(ke)選用(yong)(yong)氫氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鈉(na)，純度(du)(du)不低于(yu)(yu)(yu) 96%，用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)去除有(you)機物(wu)(wu)和(he)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)膜(mo)污染(ran)。配(pei)制(zhi)(zhi)成 0.1% - 0.3%（質(zhi)量分(fen)數）的(de)(de)(de)氫氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鈉(na)溶(rong)液(ye)(ye)，操作(zuo)方法同酸(suan)性(xing)清(qing)(qing)洗(xi)劑(ji)配(pei)制(zhi)(zhi)。氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)劑(ji)清(qing)(qing)洗(xi)劑(ji)：如過(guo)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)氫（濃(nong)度(du)(du)為(wei) 30%）或(huo)次(ci)氯酸(suan)鈉(na)（有(you)效氯含(han)量不低于(yu)(yu)(yu) 10%），用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)處理生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)膜(mo)和(he)一些難(nan)以(yi)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)機物(wu)(wu)。過(guo)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)氫溶(rong)液(ye)(ye)濃(nong)度(du)(du)可(ke)配(pei)制(zhi)(zhi)成 0.1% - 0.3%（體積(ji)分(fen)數），次(ci)氯酸(suan)鈉(na)溶(rong)液(ye)(ye)有(you)效氯濃(nong)度(du)(du)控制(zhi)(zhi)在 200 - 500ppm，配(pei)制(zhi)(zhi)時需(xu)注意**，在通風良好的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)境下操作(zuo)并穿(chuan)戴防護用(yong)(yong)品。

原理：反滲(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)是在(zai)(zai)壓力驅(qu)動(dong)下(xia)，利用半透(tou)(tou)(tou)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)特性，使水從高(gao)濃(nong)度(du)一側（原水側）向低(di)濃(nong)度(du)一側（透(tou)(tou)(tou)過(guo)液側）滲(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)。半透(tou)(tou)(tou)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)孔徑非常小，一般在(zai)(zai) 0.1 - 1 納(na)米之間，能夠(gou)有(you)(you)(you)效截留水中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)大(da)部分(fen)有(you)(you)(you)機污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)物，包(bao)括大(da)分(fen)子有(you)(you)(you)機物（如(ru)蛋白質(zhi)、多(duo)糖(tang)等(deng)）和(he)許多(duo)小分(fen)子有(you)(you)(you)機物（如(ru)農藥、染(ran)(ran)(ran)料等(deng)）。只有(you)(you)(you)水分(fen)子和(he)極少數小分(fen)子能夠(gou)通(tong)過(guo)半透(tou)(tou)(tou)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)。應用：在(zai)(zai)超(chao)純水系統中(zhong)(zhong)，反滲(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)通(tong)常是關鍵(jian)的(de)(de)處(chu)理步驟。它可(ke)(ke)(ke)以去除(chu)水中(zhong)(zhong) 95% - 99% 的(de)(de)溶解性固體(ti)和(he)幾乎全部的(de)(de)微生物，同時(shi)對(dui)有(you)(you)(you)機污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)物也有(you)(you)(you)很好的(de)(de)去除(chu)效果。例如(ru)，在(zai)(zai)電子工業中(zhong)(zhong)用于芯片制造的(de)(de)超(chao)純水制備，反滲(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以有(you)(you)(you)效去除(chu)水中(zhong)(zhong)可(ke)(ke)(ke)能影響芯片性能的(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)機雜質(zhi)。不(bu)過(guo)，反滲(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)可(ke)(ke)(ke)能會受(shou)到有(you)(you)(you)機污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)物的(de)(de)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)，導致(zhi)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)通(tong)量下(xia)降，需要(yao)定(ding)期進(jin)行化學清洗來恢(hui)復其性能。膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)接觸(chu)器在(zai)(zai)超(chao)純水生產中(zhong)(zhong)可(ke)(ke)(ke)用于氣體(ti)脫除(chu)與分(fen)離(li)。

膜(mo)(mo)性能(neng)測(ce)(ce)試，清(qing)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)完成后(hou)(hou)(hou)，重新啟動反(fan)滲透系統(tong)，在(zai)(zai)正(zheng)(zheng)常運行(xing)(xing)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)下(xia)(xia)（進(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)力(li)(li)、溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)、流量(liang)(liang)等參數(shu)穩定），連(lian)續運行(xing)(xing) 2 - 4 小時，每(mei)(mei)隔 30 分(fen)鐘采(cai)集(ji)一(yi)次產(chan)(chan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)樣，檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)產(chan)(chan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)的電導率(lv)、pH 值、總(zong)有(you)機碳（TOC）含量(liang)(liang)等指(zhi)標，計算脫(tuo)鹽率(lv)，與清(qing)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)前(qian)的膜(mo)(mo)性能(neng)數(shu)據(ju)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)對比(bi)。例如，若清(qing)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)前(qian)脫(tuo)鹽率(lv)為 97%，清(qing)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)脫(tuo)鹽率(lv)應恢(hui)復至 96% 以(yi)上(shang)，且產(chan)(chan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質其他指(zhi)標也應接(jie)近或優于清(qing)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)前(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)平。同(tong)時觀(guan)察系統(tong)的運行(xing)(xing)壓(ya)力(li)(li)，包括進(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)力(li)(li)、產(chan)(chan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)力(li)(li)和濃水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)力(li)(li)，正(zheng)(zheng)常情況下(xia)(xia)，清(qing)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)的運行(xing)(xing)壓(ya)力(li)(li)應有(you)所降低，如清(qing)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)前(qian)進(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)力(li)(li)為 1.5MPa，清(qing)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)應降至 1.3MPa 以(yi)下(xia)(xia)，且各段壓(ya)力(li)(li)差(cha)應保持在(zai)(zai)合理范(fan)圍(wei)內(nei)。產(chan)(chan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)：清(qing)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)前(qian)后(hou)(hou)(hou)對比(bi)產(chan)(chan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)是很(hen)直觀(guan)的方法之一(yi)。如果清(qing)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)徹底，產(chan)(chan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)應恢(hui)復到(dao)接(jie)近或達(da)到(dao)膜(mo)(mo)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)初(chu)始性能(neng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)平。在(zai)(zai)相同(tong)的操作壓(ya)力(li)(li)、溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)和進(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)下(xia)(xia)，清(qing)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)的產(chan)(chan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)與清(qing)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)前(qian)相比(bi)，偏差(cha)應在(zai)(zai) ±10% 以(yi)內(nei)。例如，清(qing)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)前(qian)產(chan)(chan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)為每(mei)(mei)小時 50 立方米(mi)，清(qing)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)產(chan)(chan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)應在(zai)(zai) 45 - 55 立方米(mi)每(mei)(mei)小時的范(fan)圍(wei)內(nei)。超(chao)純水(shui)(shui)(shui)在(zai)(zai)消防(fang)器材(cai)制造中用(yong)于高精度(du)(du)部件(jian)(jian)清(qing)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)。湖北(bei)實(shi)驗室超(chao)純水(shui)(shui)(shui)哪里買(mai)

超(chao)純(chun)水(shui)在漁業(ye)養殖中用于(yu)特殊水(shui)質(zhi)調節與(yu)檢測。湖(hu)北實(shi)驗室(shi)超(chao)純(chun)水(shui)哪里買

庫侖(lun)滴定(ding)(ding)(ding)法(fa)(fa)(fa)，原(yuan)理：樣品消解后，過量(liang)的氧(yang)化(hua)劑用(yong)電(dian)(dian)解產生的二價(jia)鐵(tie)為還原(yuan)劑進(jin)行庫侖(lun)滴定(ding)(ding)(ding)，并用(yong)電(dian)(dian)位法(fa)(fa)(fa)判別滴定(ding)(ding)(ding)終點(dian)，根據消耗的電(dian)(dian)量(liang)求(qiu)出樣品中的 COD 值(zhi)。適用(yong)范圍：適用(yong)于各(ge)種類型的水樣。優(you)點(dian)：操作簡便、快速，自(zi)動化(hua)程度高(gao)，無需使用(yong)標(biao)準溶液滴定(ding)(ding)(ding)，可避免人為誤差(cha)。缺(que)點(dian)：儀器設備較(jiao)復雜，成(cheng)本較(jiao)高(gao)，對水樣的預處(chu)理要求(qiu)較(jiao)高(gao)，且測(ce)定(ding)(ding)(ding)結(jie)果受水樣中其他可被氧(yang)化(hua)物質的干擾。測(ce)定(ding)(ding)(ding)范圍較(jiao)窄(zhai)，精度相對較(jiao)低(di)，只能求(qiu)得大體的 COD 范圍，如需準確(que)測(ce)量(liang)，還需采(cai)用(yong)其他標(biao)準方法(fa)(fa)(fa)。湖北實驗室超純(chun)水哪(na)里(li)買(mai)