主流電解水(shui)制氫技術(shu)(shu)堿性電解水(shui)制氫：技術(shu)(shu)成(cheng)熟，已商業化，但存在電流密(mi)度低(di)、氣體交(jiao)叉混合等問(wen)題(ti)。通過采用微間(jian)隙(xi)或零間(jian)隙(xi)結構可提升(sheng)效率，未來應(ying)開(kai)發(fa)低(di)成(cheng)本(ben)非(fei)貴(gui)金屬催(cui)化劑(ji)。質(zhi)子交(jiao)換膜(mo)電解水(shui)制氫：具有高(gao)(gao)電流密(mi)度、高(gao)(gao)氣體純度等優(you)點，但成(cheng)本(ben)高(gao)(gao)、材料(liao)腐(fu)蝕問(wen)題(ti)突(tu)出。研究(jiu)聚(ju)焦(jiao)于開(kai)發(fa)非(fei)貴(gui)金屬催(cui)化劑(ji)，降低(di)成(cheng)本(ben)并提高(gao)(gao)材料(liao)耐(nai)腐(fu)蝕性。陰離(li)子交(jiao)換膜(mo)電解水(shui)制氫：成(cheng)本(ben)效益(yi)高(gao)(gao)，但處于起步階段，膜(mo)材料(liao)性能(neng)和(he)(he)(he)設(she)備應(ying)用有待探索。未來需優(you)化非(fei)貴(gui)金屬催(cui)化劑(ji)，開(kai)發(fa)新(xin)型納米結構材料(liao)。固體氧(yang)化物電解水(shui)制氫：高(gao)(gao)溫下效率高(gao)(gao)，但穩(wen)定性和(he)(he)(he)耐(nai)久性不(bu)足(zu)。研究(jiu)重(zhong)點是開(kai)發(fa)新(xin)型材料(liao)和(he)(he)(he)催(cui)化劑(ji)，解決高(gao)(gao)溫下的穩(wen)定性問(wen)題(ti)。在使用氨(an)水(shui)時，需要采取**措施，如穿戴(dai)防(fang)護服(fu)、佩戴(dai)護目鏡(jing)等。內蒙古(gu)工業氨(an)水(shui)

氨(an)水(shui)(shui)(shui)屬于危(wei)化品分(fen)類(lei)(lei)(lei)中的(de)第8類(lei)(lei)(lei)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)性(xing)物(wu)(wu)質。氨(an)水(shui)(shui)(shui)有(you)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)作(zuo)用，碳化氨(an)水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)性(xing)更加(jia)嚴重；對(dui)銅的(de)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)比較(jiao)強(qiang)，鋼(gang)鐵比較(jiao)差，對(dui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)不大(da)。對(dui)木材也有(you)一(yi)定(ding)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)作(zuo)用。氨(an)水(shui)(shui)(shui)溶(rong)液(ye)易分(fen)解放出氨(an)氣(qi)，溫度(du)越高(gao)，分(fen)解速度(du)越快，可形成性(xing)氣(qi)氛；若(ruo)遇高(gao)熱，容器內(nei)壓增大(da)，有(you)開裂和(he)的(de)危(wei)險；與強(qiang)氧(yang)化劑和(he)酸劇(ju)烈(lie)反應；氨(an)水(shui)(shui)(shui)對(dui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)毒(du)性(xing)非常大(da)。由于氨(an)水(shui)(shui)(shui)具有(you)揮發性(xing)和(he)不穩(wen)定(ding)性(xing)，故(gu)氨(an)水(shui)(shui)(shui)應密封保(bao)存在棕色或深(shen)色試劑瓶(ping)中，并儲(chu)存于陰涼(liang)、干燥、通風的(de)庫房。遠(yuan)離火(huo)種(zhong)熱源(yuan)。嚴禁與酸類(lei)(lei)(lei)、金屬類(lei)(lei)(lei)及金屬氧(yang)化物(wu)(wu)混(hun)儲(chu)。內(nei)蒙古(gu)稀氨(an)水(shui)(shui)(shui)運輸運費價格工業(ye)氨(an)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中文名稱氨(an)溶(rong)液(ye)，具有(you)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)性(xing)，對(dui)環境(jing)有(you)危(wei)害(hai)。

應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)領域實驗(yan)室用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)途氨(an)水(shui)(shui)是(shi)實驗(yan)室重要(yao)的(de)(de)試劑(ji)(ji)(ji)，主要(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)作(zuo)(zuo)分析試劑(ji)(ji)(ji)，中(zhong)和(he)(he)劑(ji)(ji)(ji),生物堿(jian)(jian)(jian)浸出(chu)(chu)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)，鋁(lv)鹽(yan)合成和(he)(he)弱堿(jian)(jian)(jian)性溶(rong)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于鋁(lv)鹽(yan)合成和(he)(he)某些元(yuan)素(如銅(tong)、鎳)的(de)(de)檢定和(he)(he)測定,用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)以沉淀(dian)出(chu)(chu)各種元(yuan)素的(de)(de)氫氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物。***用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)途作(zuo)(zuo)為一種堿(jian)(jian)(jian)性消毒(du)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于消毒(du)沙(sha)林類毒(du)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)。常用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)是(shi)10%濃度(du)(du)的(de)(de)稀(xi)氨(an)水(shui)(shui)（密(mi)度(du)(du)0.960），冬季使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)濃度(du)(du)則為20%。工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)途毛紡、絲綢、印染等(deng)(deng)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于洗滌羊毛、呢絨、坯布，溶(rong)解和(he)(he)調(diao)整酸(suan)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)度(du)(du)，并作(zuo)(zuo)為助染劑(ji)(ji)(ji)等(deng)(deng)。有(you)機工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)作(zuo)(zuo)胺(an)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)，生產熱(re)固性酚醛樹脂的(de)(de)催化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)，無機工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于制(zhi)選各種鐵鹽(yan)。工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)上用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于大規模(mo)集(ji)成電路減壓或(huo)等(deng)(deng)離子體CVD，以生長二(er)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)硅膜鍋(guo)爐(lu)給(gei)水(shui)(shui)pH值調(diao)節劑(ji)(ji)(ji)，氨(an)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)來中(zhong)和(he)(he)給(gei)水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)的(de)(de)碳(tan)酸(suan)，提高pH值，減緩給(gei)水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)二(er)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)碳(tan)的(de)(de)腐蝕。也(ye)是(shi)鍋(guo)爐(lu)停爐(lu)保護(hu)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)，對(dui)鍋(guo)爐(lu)內(nei)有(you)少量存水(shui)(shui)不能放出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)鍋(guo)爐(lu)也(ye)有(you)較好的(de)(de)保護(hu)效果。5.醫藥(yao)上用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)稀(xi)氨(an)水(shui)(shui)對(dui)呼吸和(he)(he)循環(huan)起(qi)反射性刺激，醫治暈倒和(he)(he)昏(hun)厥，并作(zuo)(zuo)皮膚(fu)刺激藥(yao)和(he)(he)消毒(du)藥(yao)。6.作(zuo)(zuo)洗滌劑(ji)(ji)(ji)、中(zhong)和(he)(he)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)、生物堿(jian)(jian)(jian)浸出(chu)(chu)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)。還用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于制(zhi)藥(yao)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)，紗罩業(ye)(ye)(ye)，曬圖(tu)等(deng)(deng)。農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)途農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)上經稀(xi)釋(shi)后可做化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)肥。

工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)氨(an)(an)(an)水(shui)(shui)(shui)是將氨(an)(an)(an)溶(rong)解在(zai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)得到(dao)的水(shui)(shui)(shui)溶(rong)液。由于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)其組成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的復(fu)雜性(xing)(xing)，工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)氨(an)(an)(an)水(shui)(shui)(shui)在(zai)其性(xing)(xing)質(zhi)上表現出多(duo)樣性(xing)(xing)。1、組成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的多(duo)樣性(xing)(xing)：工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)氨(an)(an)(an)水(shui)(shui)(shui)含有(you)三(san)個分(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)：一水(shui)(shui)(shui)氨(an)(an)(an)分(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)分(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、氨(an)(an)(an)分(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)；三(san)種離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)：銨離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、氫氧根離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)和(he)(he)(he)氫離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。這是因(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)氨(an)(an)(an)氣(qi)(qi)在(zai)通(tong)入水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)后(hou)與(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)反應(ying)形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一水(shui)(shui)(shui)氨(an)(an)(an)。2、氣(qi)(qi)味(wei)：工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)氨(an)(an)(an)水(shui)(shui)(shui)有(you)特殊(shu)強(qiang)烈的刺(ci)激(ji)(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)氣(qi)(qi)味(wei)。吸入后(hou)，如果刺(ci)激(ji)(ji)(ji)鼻(bi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、喉嚨和(he)(he)(he)肺部(bu)，會(hui)引起咳嗽(sou)、氣(qi)(qi)短。工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)氨(an)(an)(an)水(shui)(shui)(shui)濺入眼睛會(hui)造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)嚴重傷害，甚至導致(zhi)失(shi)明；皮(pi)膚接觸(chu)會(hui)導致(zhi)灼傷，因(yin)此使(shi)用工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)氨(an)(an)(an)時要(yao)小心(xin)。3、易(yi)(yi)揮(hui)發：濃(nong)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)氨(an)(an)(an)水(shui)(shui)(shui)易(yi)(yi)揮(hui)發，應(ying)將工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)氨(an)(an)(an)水(shui)(shui)(shui)密(mi)(mi)(mi)閉并置(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)陰(yin)涼處。四、密(mi)(mi)(mi)度(du)變化的特殊(shu)性(xing)(xing)：工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)氨(an)(an)(an)水(shui)(shui)(shui)的密(mi)(mi)(mi)度(du)小于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)1，濃(nong)氨(an)(an)(an)水(shui)(shui)(shui)含氨(an)(an)(an)35.28％，密(mi)(mi)(mi)度(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)0.88g/cm3。在(zai)氨(an)(an)(an)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)，氨(an)(an)(an)水(shui)(shui)(shui)越(yue)多(duo)，密(mi)(mi)(mi)度(du)越(yue)低。例如，氨(an)(an)(an)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)量分(fen)(fen)數(shu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)10％時，密(mi)(mi)(mi)度(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)0.958g/cm3，氨(an)(an)(an)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)量分(fen)(fen)數(shu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)30％時，密(mi)(mi)(mi)度(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)0.892g/cm3。五、不穩定(ding)性(xing)(xing)：-水(shui)(shui)(shui)合(he)氨(an)(an)(an)不穩定(ding)，遇光、受(shou)熱易(yi)(yi)分(fen)(fen)解生成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)氨(an)(an)(an)和(he)(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)。在(zai)實(shi)驗室中(zhong)，可(ke)以通(tong)過加熱濃(nong)氨(an)(an)(an)水(shui)(shui)(shui)，或在(zai)室溫下將濃(nong)氨(an)(an)(an)水(shui)(shui)(shui)與(yu)(yu)固(gu)體燒堿混(hun)合(he)制取氨(an)(an)(an)。裝置(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)操作(zuo)簡單，得到(dao)的氨(an)(an)(an)濃(nong)度(du)可(ke)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“噴泉”實(shi)驗。由于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)氨(an)(an)(an)水(shui)(shui)(shui)易(yi)(yi)揮(hui)發且不穩定(ding)，應(ying)密(mi)(mi)(mi)封保存于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)棕(zong)色或深色試(shi)劑瓶中(zhong)，置(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)陰(yin)涼避光處。氨(an)(an)(an)氣(qi)(qi)，無色氣(qi)(qi)體，有(you)強(qiang)烈的刺(ci)激(ji)(ji)(ji)氣(qi)(qi)味(wei)，溶(rong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)。

氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)水(shui)(shui)(shui)又稱阿摩尼(ni)亞水(shui)(shui)(shui)，主要(yao)成(cheng)(cheng)分為(wei)(wei)NH3·H2O，是(shi)(shi)氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)溶(rong)液，無色透(tou)明且具(ju)有(you)(you)刺激性(xing)氣味。氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)的(de)(de)熔點(dian)-77.7℃，沸點(dian)-33.5℃，密度(du)0.91g/cm?。氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)氣易溶(rong)于(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)、乙(yi)醇(chun)。易揮發，具(ju)有(you)(you)部(bu)分堿(jian)的(de)(de)通(tong)性(xing)，氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)水(shui)(shui)(shui)由(you)氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)氣通(tong)入水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)制(zhi)得。氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)氣有(you)(you)毒，對眼(yan)、鼻、皮(pi)膚有(you)(you)刺激性(xing)和(he)腐蝕性(xing)，能使人窒息(xi)，空(kong)氣中(zhong)(zhong)較高容(rong)許濃(nong)度(du)30mg/m3。主要(yao)用作化肥。工業(ye)(ye)氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)水(shui)(shui)(shui)是(shi)(shi)含(han)氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)25%～28%的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)溶(rong)液，氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)*有(you)(you)一(yi)小(xiao)部(bu)分氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)分子(zi)與(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)反應(ying)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)合氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)，是(shi)(shi)*存在(zai)(zai)于(yu)氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)弱(ruo)堿(jian)。氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)水(shui)(shui)(shui)凝固點(dian)與(yu)氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)水(shui)(shui)(shui)濃(nong)度(du)有(you)(you)關(guan)，常(chang)用的(de)(de)(wt)20%濃(nong)度(du)凝固點(dian)約為(wei)(wei)-35℃。與(yu)酸中(zhong)(zhong)和(he)反應(ying)產生(sheng)熱。有(you)(you)燃燒(shao)危險(xian)。比熱容(rong)為(wei)(wei)4.3×10?J/kg·℃（10%的(de)(de)氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)水(shui)(shui)(shui)）。包裝(zhuang)、儲運(yun)與(yu)**儲存注意(yi)事項：儲存于(yu)陰涼、干(gan)燥(zao)、通(tong)風處(chu)。遠離(li)火種、熱源(yuan)(yuan)。防止(zhi)陽光直射。保持容(rong)器密封。應(ying)與(yu)酸類、金屬粉末等分開(kai)存放。露天貯罐夏季(ji)要(yao)有(you)(you)降(jiang)溫(wen)措施。分裝(zhuang)和(he)搬運(yun)作業(ye)(ye)要(yao)注意(yi)個人防護。搬運(yun)時要(yao)輕裝(zhuang)輕卸(xie)，防止(zhi)包裝(zhuang)及容(rong)器損壞。運(yun)輸按(an)規(gui)定路線行駛，勿(wu)在(zai)(zai)居(ju)民區和(he)人口稠密區停留(liu)。氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)水(shui)(shui)(shui)在(zai)(zai)工業(ye)(ye)、農業(ye)(ye)以及科(ke)學研究等領域均有(you)(you)廣泛應(ying)用，氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)水(shui)(shui)(shui)在(zai)(zai)化學實(shi)驗中(zhong)(zhong)更(geng)是(shi)(shi)氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)的(de)(de)常(chang)用來(lai)源(yuan)(yuan)。內蒙古工業(ye)(ye)氨(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)水(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)產

氨氣有毒，對眼、鼻、皮膚有刺激(ji)性和(he)腐蝕性，能(neng)使人窒息(xi)，空(kong)氣中容許濃度30mg/m3。內(nei)蒙古工(gong)業氨水

工(gong)業(ye)(ye)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)氨水主(zhu)要用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)?化(hua)肥(fei)生(sheng)產(chan)?，通過(guo)氨氣(qi)與(yu)二(er)氧(yang)化(hua)碳(tan)反應(ying)生(sheng)成尿(niao)素(su)，作(zuo)為氮肥(fei)原(yuan)料提升農作(zuo)物產(chan)量。此外(wai)，它(ta)還是?染料合(he)成?的(de)重要原(yuan)料，用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)制造(zao)多種(zhong)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)染料。?12制冷領域在(zai)制冷技術中，氨水作(zuo)為制冷劑具(ju)有?高效熱交換?特性，廣泛應(ying)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)制冷設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)。?1清(qing)潔與(yu)消(xiao)毒(du)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)氨水具(ju)有?強堿性清(qing)潔能力?，可去除油(you)脂、污(wu)垢及汗漬等，常用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)清(qing)潔。需(xu)注意(yi)避(bi)免與(yu)漂白劑混合(he)使用(yong)(yong)，以防產(chan)生(sheng)有毒(du)氣(qi)體。?23環(huan)保領域工(gong)業(ye)(ye)氨水在(zai)?脫硫脫硝?技術中發揮(hui)關鍵作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)，用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)吸(xi)收煙氣(qi)中的(de)二(er)氧(yang)化(hua)硫和(he)氮氧(yang)化(hua)物，減(jian)少(shao)環(huan)境(jing)污(wu)染。?12金屬處(chu)理用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)?金屬表面除銹?和(he)氧(yang)化(hua)層，提升加工(gong)精度(du)。?2注意(yi)事(shi)項(xiang)需(xu)存(cun)儲于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)通風處(chu)，避(bi)免揮(hui)發氣(qi)體吸(xi)入過(guo)量引發刺激。?內蒙古工(gong)業(ye)(ye)氨水